Heatwaves have a particularly strong effect in cities because of the urban heat-island phenomenon. Asphalt, dark roofs and limited vegetation store heat.
Adaptation cannot depend only on private air conditioning. Public space must also protect people walking, working outdoors or living in poorly insulated homes.
Planning shade
Mature trees provide cooling but require soil, water and maintenance. Pergolas, awnings and lightweight structures can protect streets, schools, parks and transport stops.
Materials and water
Light-coloured and permeable surfaces store less heat and help manage intense rainfall. Water-based systems require responsible consumption and proper maintenance.
Climate shelters
Libraries, markets and public buildings can offer cool spaces during extreme events. They must be identifiable, open at useful times and accessible from vulnerable neighbourhoods.